length: 720 words 2.1 double spaced pages diabetes is a disease characterized by excessive urination. Diabetes mellitus is caused by insufficient insulin production or lack of responsiveness to insulin, resulting in hyperglycemia high blood glucose levels. There are 2 primary types of diabetes mellitus, type i insulin dependent or juvenile onset , which may be caused by an autoimmune response, and type ii non insulin dependent or adult onset. Diabetes mellitus dm is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin, an anabolic hormone. Insulin is produced in the pancreas by the beta cells of the islets of langerhans.

Absence, destruction, or loss of these cells causes an absolute deficiency of insulin, leading to type 1 diabetes insulin dependent diabetes mellitus iddm . Most children with diabetes have iddm and a lifetime dependence on exogenous insulin. Type 2 diabetes non–insulin dependent diabetes mellitus niddm is a heterogeneous disorder. Patients with niddm have insulin resistance, and their beta cells lack the ability to overcome this resistance. Although this form of diabetes previously was uncommon in children, 20% or more of new patients with diabetes in childhood and adolescence now have niddm, a change associated with increased rates of obesity.

Insulin reduces blood glucose levels by allowing glucose to enter muscle cells and fat cells and by stimulating the conversion of glucose to glycogen as a carbohydrate store. Insulin also inhibits the release of stored glucose from liver glycogen and slows the breakdown of fat to triglycerides, free fatty acids, and ketones. Hyperglycemia results when insulin deficiency leads to uninhibited gluconeogenesis and prevents the use and storage of circulating glucose. The kidneys cannot reabsorb the excess glucose load, causing glycosuria, osmotic diuresis, thirst, and dehydration.

Without insulin, a child with iddm wastes away and eventually dies from diabetic ketoacidosis. Information on mortality rates is difficult to ascertain without complete national registers of childhood diabetes, although age specific mortality probably is double that of the general population. Particularly at risk are children aged 1 4 years who may die with dka at the time of diagnosis.

Most deaths result from delayed diagnosis or neglected treatment and subsequent cerebral edema during treatment for dka, although untreated hypoglycemia also causes some deaths. Iddm complications are comprised of 3 major categories: acute complications, long term complications, and complications caused by associated autoimmune diseases. Acute complications reflect the difficulties of maintaining a balance between insulin therapy, dietary intake, and exercise.

Long term complications arise from the damaging effects of prolonged hyperglycemia and other metabolic consequences of insulin deficiency on various tissues. While long term complications are rare in childhood, maintaining good control of diabetes is important to prevent complications from developing in later life. The likelihood of developing complications appears to depend on the interaction of factors such as metabolic control, genetic susceptibility, lifestyle, pubertal status, and gender. Most cases of iddm are the result of environmental factors interacting with a genetically susceptible person. This interaction leads to the development of autoimmune disease directed at the insulin producing cells of the pancreatic islets of langerhans. These cells are progressively destroyed, with insulin deficiency usually developing after the destruction of 90% of islet cells.

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Most people with diabetes have one of the two types and can be treated with pills or insulin shots. My mother has type ii diabetes, and helping her cope with her disease gives me a wider outlook on it. I see her give herself shots every day to monitor her blood sugar levels and i also see her taking medicine to help control the amount of glucose to be present in her system. Hopefully one day there will be a cure for this disease so that many people ,along with my mother, can live lives without pain and be healthy. Diabetes mellitus: william h lamb, md, frcp, frcpch hypoglycemia for dummies by cheryl chow american diabetes association complete guide to diabetes by american diabetes association, american dietetic association length: 802 words 2.3 double spaced pages diabetes is a life long disease marked by elevated levels of sugar glucose in the blood. It can be caused by too little insulin a chemical produced by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar , resistance to insulin, or both.

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Approximately 2.7 million or 11.4% of all african americans aged 20 years or older have diabetes. The most life threatening consequences of diabetes are heart disease and stroke, which strike people with diabetes more than twice as often as they do others. Adults with diabetes have heart disease death rates 2 to 4 times higher than those without diabetes. African americans with diabetes are at increased risk for heart disease, stroke and other macro vascular complications. Other complications of diabetes include blindness, kidney disease, and amputations. Most african americans about 90 to 95 percent with diabetes have type 2 diabetes.

This type of diabetes usually develops in adults and is caused by the body's resistance to insulin and to impaired insulin secretion. Although it is a very serious disease, diabetes can be treated with diet, exercise, diabetes pills, and injected insulin. A small number of african americans about 5 percent to 10 percent have type 1 diabetes, which usually develops before age 20 and is always treated with insulin.

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Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. The cause of diabetes continues to be a mystery, although both genetic and environmental factors such as obesity and lack of exercise appear to play roles. Type 1 diabetes results from the body’s failure to produce insulin, the hormone that unlocks the cells of the body, allowing glucose to enter and fuel them.

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In type 2 diabetes, either the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin. Sugar is the basic fuel for the cells in the body, and insulin takes the sugar from the blood into the cells. When glucose builds up in the blood instead of going into cells, it can cause two problems: right away, your cells may be starved for energy.

Over time, high blood glucose levels may hurt your eyes, kidneys, nerves or heart. Before people develop type 2 diabetes, they almost always have pre diabetes blood glucose levels that are higher than normal but not yet high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. There are 41 million people in the united states, ages 40 to 74, who have pre diabetes. Recent research has shown that some long term damage to the body, especially the heart and circulatory system, may already be occurring during pre diabetes.