This study will conduct an analysis of competition laws of the eu, japan and china, with particular focus horizontal agreements. Attention will be given to research and development agreements and each jurisdiction's interpretation of the term 'undertakings' will be examined in detail. Restrictions on agreements are an equally revealing topic and attention will be given to elements such as exemptions and regulations in joint research and development agreements. The regulations of each jurisdiction will be stated in order for a comparison to be undertaken. What are the approaches adopted by each jurisdiction? which appears to be the most effective at regulating horizontal agreements and what lessons can be learned from each approach? these issues will be explored in depth in this study, and a critical analysis of each jurisdiction will provide a detailed overview of how horizontal agreements can be regulated effectively. Eu competition law: text, cases materials, 4th edn, new york: oxford university press. This study will attempt to tackle the array of issues surrounding predatory pricing.

Predatory pricing is an elusive concept, which requires analysis in terms of whether it can be said to exist, as well as the factors that determine its existence. The landmark standard oil case will be closely analysed, most prominently due to its extensive discussion of predatory pricing, as well as its initial setting of the criteria applied to predatory pricing. Examination of article 102 of the treaty on the functioning of the european union will lead to a comparison of predatory pricing with the other abusive acts contained in the article in an attempt to outline its features. Varied opinions relating to predatory pricing will be explored to convey how attitudes have changed over time. Is predatory pricing a rational strategy? can a single test be devised for predatory pricing? what do previous case law examples offer in terms of how the issue is to be approached today? these issues will be explored along with an analysis of the 2009 guidance on predatory pricing.

The economics of ec competition law: concepts, application and measurement, london: sweet and maxwell. 'predatory price cutting: the standard oil case', journal of law and economics, vol. Following the contemptible rejection of the treaty establishing a constitution for europe, the treaty of lisbon was eventually proposed and signed. In an attempt to respond to previous rejections of the tece, the treaty of lisbon pursued the formation of an accountable framework which would underlie the european union.

This was seen as vital if any improvements were to be made to competition law and policies improvements which were long overdue. Yet, what have been its main changes to the law relating to services of a general economic interest in connection to competition law? have legal problems been recognised and how does the treaty of lisbon seek to ease such problems? this study will examine the law pertaining to services of a general economic nature in conjunction with article 86 and the general situation of such services as connected to the derogations provided for in article 86 2. Case law decisions will be assessed to observe these provision in practice to lead to the conclusion that although many changes were recognised as necessary, most problems were left unsolved. 'the treaty of lisbon: process, architecture and substance', european law review, vol. Law and competition in twentieth century europe: protecting prometheus, new york: oxford university press. The changing legal framework for services of general interest in europe between competition and solidarity, the hague: asser.

The ec's business and economic sectors are dynamic and constantly expanding to include new and novel business practices. The perpetually increasing membership of the eu has had a major impact upon the expansion of competitive practices within and between member states. Such expansion has fuelled the need to develop and adapt trade practice regulations in the effort to protect and ensure an effective competitive market. The core goal of eu competition law is therefore to facilitate and equalise competition between member states.

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This study will examine the need to effectively regulate competitive behaviour within the eu and how such regulations approach competition practices. How have anti competitive practices been controlled thus far? is the regulatory framework successful or rife with problems? these issues will be explored in this study, which will ultimately examine the extent to which regulations devised to protect competition succeed in doing so. Competition policy and the economic approach: foundations and limitations, edward elgar: chelenham. Competition policy: theory and practice, cambridge university press: new york, 2004. This study will examine, in light of the expanding borders of the eu, how competition law has responded to the need to adapt to eu developments. How have anti competitive activities been approached and dealt with and what are the major changes in regulations over the past decade? have regulations improved competition law or is major reform necessary? when did changes begin and what elements did they focus upon? these issues will be explored in a bid to examine how the functions of the eu in a competition law context have altered. Ec competition law: text, cases and materials, new york: oxford university press.

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'european union enlargement towards cartel paradise? an economic analysis of the reform of european competition law', erasmus law and economics review, vol. Ringing the changes in europe: regulatory competition and redefinition of the state, berlin: walter de guyter and co. The active and aggressive process of monitoring competition adopts a number of mechanisms designed to protect the competitive market. For example, contracts or agreements which restrict free trade between businesses are prohibited firms are prevented from dominating the market through the use of abusive behaviour. Practices which are devised to ensure a dominant market position include predatory pricing, tying, price grouping and refusing to deal these activities are closely monitored and prohibited by competition regulations.

Yet in order to apply competition regulations effectively, it is necessary for authorities to constantly check, prevent and punish anti competitive activities. Yet is such effort and expenditure involved in monitoring anti competitive activities actually worth it? this study will consider the proposals of critics who state that competition laws can actually have negative effects because they protect incompetent competitors and unnecessarily lower competition. Are such criticisms accurate? has the cost of legal regulation proven more costly than benefits afforded to consumers? craig, p de burca, g 2008.

Competition law and industrial policy in the eu, new york: oxford university press. A strategic alliance is defined as a cooperative strategy by which firms combine their resources and abilities in order to achieve a competitive advantage. Strategic alliances are becoming all the more popular as the business market expands beyond control. Alliances have increased in complexity and size, so that major firms from across the globe have joined forces to create even larger corporations. Major advances are made in research, huge profits are earned, and resources receive major support.

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Yet do the risks outweigh the benefits? this stufy will consider whether the potential damage that can result from strategic alliances outweigh the rewards they offer. Envisioning collaboration: mastering alliance strategies, san francisco: jossey bass. Strategic alliances: formation, implementation, and evolution, cambridge, ma: blackwell business. 'firm resources and sustained competitive advantage', journal of management, vol. The competition act 1998 contains a lot of features which serve to bring uk competition law in line with the ec model. This study will provide an overview of the 1998 act, in terms of its content and structure, and compare it to other models in the eu realm. Which aspects have been adapted to suit particular needs of the uk or particular features of its system and market? which aspects can be considered an improvement upon the general eu model? these aspects will be explored in order to arrive at an overall conclusion as to the stance of the competition act 1998 in an eu context.

This study will examine how the term 'relevant market' is defined in the context of eu competition law, and in doing so will identify its role in the application of competition law to company conduct. How has the term been delineated in terms of its reach and limitations? how does it fit in with the overall competition law scheme of the eu? the term's boundaries will be examined in relation to definitions of 'product' and 'geographic market' to determine whether competition law's scope is appropriate or in need of reform. This study examines the importance and role of proceedings instigated by private individuals in the enforcement of competition laws in the uk. The numerous obstacles encountered since the enactment of the competition act 1998 and the enterprise act 2002 will be critically evaluated, as well as developments that have taken place within the european union.

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It will be demonstrated that the legal protection of competition, although it can be justified on an ethical and economic basis, should not be used to empower private individuals to monitor competition. Of course, it is important to encourage private enforcement of competition regulations, yet it is similarly necessary to restrict the extent to which such enforcement can proceed. European union law explores different aspects of rules and regulations in place throughout the region. They include a variety of legal regulations in relation to social, financial, judicial and international laws to name a few. Choosing a topic will include understanding your options and finding something interesting. Many of these areas will have a good amount of information for you to use during the writing process. The following 10 topic ideas have good potential to be developed into a well written european union law dissertation project.

What were some of the most critical cases brought before this court that changed the way certain laws were viewed? how does international criminal law affect how laws are established within the european union? what are types of crimes this law is most effected by in relation to the european union? comparing disability laws in europe and the united states. Andrzej, a polish national, recently came to the united kingdom with his partner isabela and their two children katarzyna and marek. Andrzej obtained a job for a few hours a week where he was paid a salary that was below the minimum wage.