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We are completely aware of the coursework mark scheme and all other details regarding coursework deadlines that are important to all students who opt for some sort of school coursework or the other. Do not keep pestering any of your peers about what should or should not figure in your assignment. Call us for all the help you need in your gcse german coursework you can come out with the best possible assignment that your teacher has ever evaluated. On october 3, 1990, the states of the german democratic republic east germany shed their last ties to their soviet created structure and joined the federal republic of germany west germany. The 23rd article of west germany's 1949 constitution, the basic law, had been drafted specifically to allow for such an arrival from the east. But as the 1980s drew to a close, few germans on either side of the border expected it to be used in their lifetime.

Yet, in less at a simple level, the constitution may be seen as a representation of the traditional german desire for clarity and order, applied to the rights and duties of the individual. It can also be described as a way of ensuring that the events of the 1930s, particularly the rise of facism and dictatorship, will never recur. As a result of historical roots in west germany and past abuses by central government, germany is a federation.

Each of the federal states and berlin has its own constitution, a democratically elected parliament, a government, administrative agencies and independant courts. However, states are binding to the federal constitution, the federal constitution is binding upon the states and the federal parliament is responsible for major legislation and policy. The state parliaments main responsibility is in two major policy areas: education, and law and order. Administration of federal legislation is mainly the responsibility of the states, allowing for greater consideration of local needs and issues. This system of government ia also intended to bring government closer to the people.

A further area of responsibility for the states arives from the parliamentary structure. The legislative body is the bundestag, but the bundesrat anupper house representing the states must approve most legislation. Each state has between three and five votes in the bundesrat, depending on the size of its population.

Members of the bundesrat are appointed by the state governments for their duration within the state government. Since state elections are held continually during the term of federal parliament, the members of the upper house may alter during the life of a federal government. The approval of the bundesrat is required for certain types of legislation, particularly the budget and those affecting the states. The bundestag has a speaker, or president, usually elected from among the largest parliamentary group. It has three main tasks: to act as the legislative body, to elect the federal chancellor, and to control government activity. Any changes to the basic law requires a two thirds majority in both houses of parliament. Thus the opposition parties can prevent amendments to the constitution through their representation in either the bundestag or bundesrat.

The electoral system, finalized in 1956, is designed to both provide a government representing the wishes of the people and proportional representation. Candidates are elected by a majority vote in 328 constituencies of roughly equal size. Each state is allocated a quota of mps for each party, derived from the second, or party vote. The difference between these numbers and the numbers of directly elected representatives is then made up from party lists.

A party can win more seats on the directly elected segment of the vote than the number given by the party list results, in which event the size of the lower house is enlarged. This provision was used in 1990, with the addition of six to prevent fragmentation, a party must secure either three direct mandates or 5% of the total vote to be represented in parliament. This results in a barrier to the development of new parties, which must fullfill the 5% criteria without the help of representation in parliament. Also, when the practice of vacancies exist in parliament the positions are filled from the party list of the previous election rather than by a by election, hampering new or small party formation. In the 1990 elections the small, and largely new, east german parties were allowed, for on time only, to form umbrella groups, side stepping this constraint.

However, state elections occur almost always once a year allowing parties to try and gain representation in a state parliament, often by concentrating their efforts. The lower house is elected for a fixed term of four years and early elections may only be called in specific circumstances. The chancellor head of government is elected by the bundestag on the proposal of the federal president. In practice each of the main parties announces its chancellor candidate before the election, making the task of the president somewhat of a formality. Once elected, the chancellor nominates his or her cabinet for presidential approval, but is still personally responsible to parliament. A government can only be voted out if the opposition can establish a majority for what is known as a constructive vote of no confidence. In other words, the opposition must be able to provide a working majority in favour of a new government.

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This occurred in late 1982, when the small free democrat party changed itsfollowing from the ruling social democrats to the christian democrats, enabling the christian democrats to form a coalition. The ability of a government to resign in order to call early elections is also restricted to cirtain circumstances. When the new government of the christian democrats and free democrats formed after the events of 1982 they decided early elections would be appropriate. However, this decision was forced to be brought up before the constitutional court, and only because it was the parties only tactic was it allowed.

Although the federal president performs some of the usual formal functions of a head of state, including signing treaties and following the procedures for appointing the chancellor, the role is basically ceremonial. All presidential orders require the counter signature of the chancellor or relevant minister. This obligation is concerned with the alleviating a number of the problems which arose under germany's constitution of 1919 which gave the president too much power and not enough to the parliament. The president is elected for a five year term by the full bundestag and an equal number of delegates from state parliaments.

Richard von weizsacker, formerly christian democrat mayor of west berlin, was elected president in 1984 and re elected in 1989. Although usually a former politician, the president is expected to stand above party politics. In the summer of 1989 the german bundestag passed the so called stage one postal reform which came into effect on january 1, 1990. The reforms included a division between jurisdictional and regulatory functions and entrepreneurial functions. The reform also resulted in associated business sectors making up telecommunications, postal services and postal banking.