English composer, novelist, and satiric author it is hardly necessary to apologise for the miscellaneous character of the following collection of essays. Samuel butler was a man of such unusual versatility, and his interests were so many and so various that his literary remains were bound to cover a wide field. Nevertheless it will be found that several of the subjects to which he devoted much time and labour are not represented in these pages. I have not thought it necessary to reprint any of the numerous pamphlets and articles which he wrote upon the iliad and odyssey, since these were all merged in the authoress of the odyssey, which gives his matured views upon everything relating to the homeric poems. For a similar reason i have not included an essay on the evidence for the resurrection of jesus christ, which he printed in 1865 for private circulation, since he subsequently made extensive use of it in the fair haven.

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Two of the essays in this collection were originally delivered as lectures the remainder were published in the universal review during 18, 1889, and 1890. I should perhaps explain why two other essays of his, which also appeared in the universal review, have been omitted. The first of these, entitled laffaire holbein rippel, relates to a drawing of holbeins danse des paysans, in the basle museum, which is usually described as a copy, but which butler believed to be the work of holbein himself. This essay requires to be illustrated in so elaborate a manner that it was impossible to include it in a book of this size.

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The second essay, which is a sketch of the career of the sculptor tabachetti, was published as the first section of an article entitled a sculptor and a shrine, of which the second section is here given under the title, the sanctuary of montrigone. The section devoted to the sculptor represents all that butler then knew about tabachetti, but since it was written various documents have come to light, principally owing to the investigations of cavaliere francesco negri, of casale monferrato, which negative some of butlers most cherished conclusions. Had butler lived he would either have rewritten his essay in accordance with cavaliere negris discoveries, of which he fully recognised the value, or incorporated them into the revised edition of ex voto, which he intended to publish. As it stands, the essay requires so much revision that i have decided to omit it altogether, and to postpone giving english readers a full account of tabachettis career until a second edition of ex voto is required.

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Meanwhile i have given a brief summary of the main facts of tabachettis life in a note page 154 to the essay on art in the valley of saas. Any one who wishes for further details of the sculptor and his work will find them in cavaliere negris pamphlet, il santuario di crea alessandria, 1902. The three essays grouped together under the title of the deadlock in darwinism may be regarded as a postscript to butlers four books on evolution, viz. An occasion for the publication of these essays seemed to be afforded by the appearance in 1889 of mr. Alfred russel wallaces darwinism and although nearly fourteen years have elapsed since they were published in the universal review, i have no fear that they will be found to be out of date. How far, indeed, the problem embodied in the deadlock of which butler speaks is from solution was conclusively shown by the correspondence which appeared in the times in may 1903, occasioned by some remarks made at university college by lord kelvin in moving a vote of thanks to professor henslow after his lecture on present day rationalism. It will be well, perhaps, for the benefit of readers who have not followed the history of the theory of evolution during its later developments, to state in a few words what these two main divisions are.

All evolutionists agree that the differences between species are caused by the accumulation and transmission of variations, but they do not agree as to the causes to which the variations are due. The view held by the older evolutionists, buffon, erasmus darwin and lamarck, who have been followed by many modern thinkers, including herbert spencer and butler, is that the variations occur mainly as the result of effort and design the opposite view, which is that advocated by mr. Wallace in darwinism, is that the variations occur merely as the result of chance. The former is sometimes called the theological view, because it recognises the presence in organic nature of design, whether it be called creative power, directive force, directivity, or vital principle the latter view, in which the existence of design is absolutely negatived, is now usually described as weismannism, from the name of the writer who has been its principal advocate in recent years. Henry festing jones most warmly for the invaluable assistance which he has given me in preparing these essays for publication, in correcting the proofs, and in compiling the introduction and notes.

Real, live art appeals to our hearts and minds, to our feelings and ideals and it proclaims life. Art is truthful only when it serves life, and only when the artist hopes to arouse a warm response in the heart of the viewer. The arts play a large role in the expression of inner thoughts and beauty in my life. From dance and music to abstract art our concept of life is shown through the various ways in which we interpret it.

We use the arts as a means of touching that part of us that we cannot reach with physical science, social science, or any of the humanities. Though there has been a lot of confusion as to what the true definition of good art is, how we show others what is going on in our minds and inner souls cannot be judged, graded, criticized or revised by anyone other than ourselves. The arts play a valued role in creating cultures and developing and documenting civilizations. Prepare us to adapt to and respect the ways others think, work, and express themselves. Music, singing, dancing, poetry, and sketching are just a few of the different forms of art that i use to express myself in a way that i enjoy.

There many arts in the world, but the most popular are: literature, music, theatre, cinema and others. Nowadays there are a lot of musical genres: classical music, rock music, pop music, club music and others. Elkhorn, ne i wrote this as i was looking around my kitchen, realizing how much art is truly in my life.

I hope you enjoy it! a special thanks to my friends, family, and teachers who encourage me to keep writing. What is art? art is defined as the expression and application of one’s creativity, typically in the form of something visual. Many dig far too deep into the ambiguity of the actually definition of art itself that they forget to appreciate the significance of art in their lives. I think in order to fully understand the definition of art, one must picture what life would be like without art. Consider the impact of life without your favorite pictures hanging above your bed the cute little ceramic cow saltshakers on your kitchen table your favorite computer game without graphics that graffiti on the side of the bridge that you had grown so fond of the song that you religiously replay on your ipod.

Art is even proven to galvanize certain parts of our brains to make us giggle, cry, and all emotions in between. In 1404, donatello, an italian renaissance artist created a sculpture called ‘the androgynous david,’ meaning his sculpture represented characteristics of both male and female genders. David is a biblical figure, and donatello portrayed him during adolescence a time for many in which is often confusing. Many people during the renaissance thought that donatello portrayed david in a poor, scandalous way thus, his sculpture was only displayed in very private viewing. Maybe it is merely a sign of the times that what art those who dwelled during the time of the renaissance once deemed scandalous, we are very much tolerant and appreciative of now.

If it were not for those humanists who created this art we look back at now, art would not have evolved into what it is now the shoes you are wearing would have never been designed the table your computer is resting on would have never been created all the things we come across in our everyday lives would simply not have been created. Art is life, not something to be placed in a shrine and substituted for life. Actually, art is an effort to create, besides the real world, a more human entity. Indeed, even those who regard art as an ideal and artists as idealists cannot deny that art is a faithful mirror of the life and civilization of a period. Everyone concedes what nehru said that indian civilization of the past periods was full of life it created things of beauty, the arts flourished, and the echoes reached distant countries. Nehru was also stating the reality when he said that the art of a people is a true mirror of their minds.