We will be using a format for the lab reports which is similar but modified to formats for scientific papers. That is, you must include an abstract, introduction, materials and methods section, results section, discussion, and literature citations. Your grade on the reports will depend on completeness, scientific accuracy and insight, organization, and writing skills. The format is as follows 151 point totals for each section are for a 100 point report. It should state the purpose of the experiment, mention the techniques used, report results obtained, and give conclusions. Example: chromosomal dna was successfully isolated from bacillus subtilis strain 151 using a modification of the marmur technique.

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Spectrophotometric analysis revealed some contamination with protein, but little rna contamination. An introduction gives focus to the report similar to the purpose written in the lab notebook, but also should put the experiment into context and provide the reader with information necessary to understand the scientific basis of the experiment and the techniques used. In most cases, you should include background information on the organisms used and explain the theory behind the techniques.

Much of the introductory material should be referenced and references have been put on reserve for you at steenbock library. 30 points this is a section which will be a major deviation from scientific papers. Instead of asking you to tediously rewrite all your lab notes into a materials and methods format, we instead want you to include your lab notes in lieu of materials and methods.

The lab notes should be complete, including all raw data, observations, calculations and appropriate graphs. Separate from the lab notes, include a section containing a summary of the final data, presented in a form that is most useful for interpreting the results. A short paragraph should be sufficient, along with any relevant charts and graphs labeled well.

The graphs and tables should be comprehenable independently of their association with the text. This does not mean you simply report the results again, but rather interpret and discuss their significance. Lastly, do not spend enormous amounts of time explaining data that cannot be explained! as required in all scientific literature, statements of fact, not considered common knowledge, must be properly referenced.

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Relevant articles for each of our experiments are on reserve in steenbock library. For most people, good writing requires rereading, rethinking, and sometimes fairly extensive revising. Many students, however, misconstrue and underestimate what good writing involves, believing that its a simple linear process when in fact it is complex and iterative. Many students leave writing assignments to the last minute, expecting to be able to sit down and rapidly turn out a good paper. Thus, they may not give themselves enough time to re examine premises, adjust the organizational schema, refine their arguments, etc. Even if students do leave themselves sufficient time, they may only make revisions at or below the sentence level. Instructors can employ several strategies to help students approach the writing process more realistically and productively.

The argument essay is the most common type of writing assignment that college students will encounter throughout their academic careers. While there are different variations of the argument essay, the overall foundation is always the same: the writer is tasked with investigating an issue, taking a stand on the issue, and finding and incorporating a multitude of evidence in a logical manner to support the overall claim. Most of us have experience with arguing, but an argumentative essay is quite different than a verbal argument that arises out of the blue. Verbal arguments often become heated and unreasonable, while the goal of an argumentative essay is the opposite: the argument must be specific, reasoned, detailed, and supported with a variety of evidence. Furthermore, a verbal argument often focuses on who is right regarding a specific issue, while a well written and researched argument essay focuses on what is the right side of a particular issue. create a clear, firm, and debatable thesis ndash an effective thesis statement is an important foundational element of any essay, but it is of even greater importance in an argument essay. The reader needs to know exactly what the argument is and why it is important there can be no confusion.

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provide the necessary background information on the topic ndash while an argument essay isn rsquo t the same as a research essay, a bit of background information is often needed early in the essay to understand the argument. For example, if the writer is arguing that a certain amendment to the state constitution should be passed, it is probably necessary to describe what changes the amendment would make and whether or not a similar amendment has been proposed at some point. focus on organization and transitions ndash while transitions are important in any type of essay, they are particularly important in an argument essay. This is because the argument essay involves multiple reasons and evidence to support the overall thesis, and counter arguments are often discussed and refuted as well. Regardless of the order in which it is organized, all argument essays should explain and support several reasons why the argument is valid and explain and refute several opposing arguments offered by the other side.

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All writers will benefit from creating an outline to organize all of the information that will be presented, and this benefit becomes even greater with longer argument essays. perform effective and thorough research ndash most argumentative essays require incorporating research into the essay. If this is the case with your essay, make sure to perform a significant amount of research before fully committing to a topic. This is important because you need to make sure there are enough credible sources that can be used in your essay.

You don rsquo t want to commit to a topic and begin writing the essay only to later discover that you can rsquo t find enough quality sources to make the topic work. incorporate logos, pathos, and ethos ndash logos is a term that refers to the use of logic in a debate. As a writer, the use of logos should be primary, should appear throughout the essay, and is the best way to convince someone to adopt a particular stance on any issue. Pathos means getting the reader emotionally involved in the argument so that he/she is open to further persuasion. The best way for writers to incorporate ethos is by addressing counter arguments and using credible sources.